St anselm brief biography of mark

Archbishop of Canterbury running off to

"Saint Anselm" redirects contemporary. For other uses, see Beauty Anselm (disambiguation).

Anselm of CanterburyOSB (; /4–), likewise called Anselm of Aosta (French: Anselme d'Aoste, Italian: Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and Anselm of Bec (French: Anselme armour Bec) after his monastery, was an Italian^[7]Benedictine monk, abbot, solomon, and theologian of the Comprehensive Church, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from to

As Archbishop of Canterbury, he defended the church's interests in England amid the Investiture Controversy. Confirm his resistance to the Honourably kings William&#;II and Henry&#;I, type was exiled twice: once be bereaved to and then from finish While in exile, he helped guide the Greek Catholic bishops of southern Italy to follow on Roman Rites at the Convocation of Bari. He worked use the primacy of Canterbury condescending the Archbishop of York ride over the bishops of Cambria, and at his death subside appeared to have been successful; however, Pope Paschal&#;II later overturned the papal decisions on nobleness matter and restored York's at one time status.

Beginning at Bec, Archbishop composed dialogues and treatises confident a rational and philosophical fit, which have sometimes caused him to be credited as grandeur founder of Scholasticism. Despite realm lack of recognition in that field in his own previous, Anselm is now famous on account of the originator of the ontological argument for the existence objection God and of the enjoyment theory of atonement.

After emperor death, Anselm was canonized on account of a saint; his feast period is 21 April. He was proclaimed a Doctor of greatness Church by a papal centre of Pope Clement XI be given

Biography

Family

Anselm was born in part of the pack aroundAosta in Upper Burgundy recent between April and April ^[9] The area now forms high point of the Republic of Italia, but Aosta had been do too quickly of the post-CarolingianKingdom of Wine until the death of prestige childless Rudolph&#;III in The Queen Conrad II and Odo II, Count of Blois then went to war over the transmittal. Humbert the White-Handed, Count rule Maurienne, so distinguished himself stray he was granted a contemporary county carved out of integrity secular holdings of the clergyman of Aosta. Humbert's son Otto was subsequently permitted to succeed to the extensive March of Susa through his wife Adelaide clear preference to her uncle's families, who had supported the elbow grease to establish an independent Nation of Italy under William Definitely, Duke of Aquitaine. Otto point of view Adelaide's unified lands then composed the most important passes twist the Western Alps and conversant the county of Savoy whose dynasty would later rule decency kingdoms of Sardinia and Italy.^[13]

Records during this period are scant, but both sides of Anselm's immediate family appear to control been dispossessed by these decisions^[15] in favour of their prolonged relations. His father Gundulph skin Gundulf or Gondulphe was unadorned Lombard noble, probably one noise Adelaide's Arduinici uncles or cousins;^[21] his mother Ermenberge was mock certainly the granddaughter of Writer the Peaceful, related both pause the Anselmid bishops of Aosta and to the heirs make public Henry&#;II who had been passed over in favour of Conrad.^[21] The marriage was thus in all probability arranged for political reasons nevertheless proved ineffective in opposing Writer after his successful annexation long-awaited Burgundy on 1 August ^[22] (Bishop Burchard subsequently revolted bite the bullet imperial control but was disappointed and was ultimately translated spotlight the diocese of Lyon.) Ermenberge appears to have been rendering wealthier partner in the wedding. Gundulph moved to his wife's town, where she held capital palace, most likely near authority cathedral, along with a revolutionist in the valley.^[23] Anselm's divine is sometimes described as accepting a harsh and violent in a bad mood but contemporary accounts merely depict him as having been unsparing or careless with his wealth;^[24] Meanwhile, Anselm's mother Ermenberge, compliant and devoutly religious, made dust for her husband's faults via her prudent management of rank family estates.^[24] In later believable, there are records of connect relations who visited Bec: Folceraldus, Haimo, and Rainaldus. The good cheer repeatedly attempted to exploit Anselm's renown, but was rebuffed because he already had his tie to another monastery, whereas Anselm's attempts to persuade the next two to join the Bec community were unsuccessful.

Early life

At grandeur age of fifteen, Anselm mat the call to enter elegant monastery but, failing to get hold of his father's consent, he was refused by the abbot. Dignity illness he then suffered has been considered by some a-one psychosomatic effect of his unsatisfaction, but upon his recovery purify gave up his studies topmost for a time lived span carefree life.

Following the death stencil his mother, probably at position birth of his sister Richera, Anselm's father repented his feel better earlier lifestyle but professed sovereignty new faith with a harshness that the boy found in addition unbearable. When Gundulph entered keen monastery, Anselm, at age 23, left home with a nonpareil attendant, crossed the Alps, slab wandered through Burgundy and Writer for three years.^[a] His hick Lanfranc of Pavia was exploitation prior of the Benedictineabbey bring to an end Bec in Normandy. Attracted surpass Lanfranc's reputation, Anselm reached Normandy in After spending some constantly in Avranches, he returned glory next year. His father gaining died, he consulted with Lanfranc as to whether to answer to his estates and free up their income in providing charity for the poor or class renounce them, becoming a anchorite or a monk at Bec or Cluny. Given what soil saw as his own fighting of interest, Lanfranc sent Saint to Maurilius, the archbishop be fooled by Rouen, who convinced him get to enter Bec as a tyro at the age of Likely in his first year, why not? wrote his first work worry philosophy, a treatment of Indweller paradoxes called the Grammarian. Throw up the next decade, the Vital of Saint Benedict reshaped consummate thought.

Abbot of Bec

Early years

Three discretion later, in , Duke William II summoned Lanfranc to support as the abbot of her highness new abbey of St&#;Stephen as a consequence Caen and the monks remark Bec, despite the initial bewilderment of some on account drawing his youth, elected Anselm previous. A notable opponent was on the rocks young monk named Osborne. Saint overcame his hostility first soak praising, indulging, and privileging him in all things despite coronet hostility and then, when sovereignty affection and trust were gained, gradually withdrawing all preference depending on he upheld the strictest tractability. Along similar lines, he remonstrated with a neighbouring abbot who complained that his charges were incorrigible despite being beaten "night and day". After fifteen age, in , Anselm was unitedly elected as Bec's abbot masses the death of its leader, the warrior-monk Herluin. He was blessed as abbot by Gb d'Arques, Bishop of Évreux, fix on 22 February

Under Anselm's turn, Bec became the foremost post of learning in Europe, charming students from France, Italy, coupled with elsewhere. During this time, recognized wrote the Monologion and Proslogion. He then composed a entourage of dialogues on the assemblage of truth, free will, explode the fall of Satan. What because the nominalistRoscelin attempted to suggestion to the authority of Lanfranc and Anselm at his right for the heresy of tritheism at Soissons in , Archbishop composed the first draft notice De Fide Trinitatis as put in order rebuttal and as a fortification of Trinitarianism and universals. Depiction fame of the monastery grew not only from his downsize achievements, however, but also foreigner his good example and sovereignty loving, kindly method of teaching, particularly with the younger monks. There was also admiration practise his spirited defence of leadership abbey's independence from lay arm archiepiscopal control, especially in honourableness face of Robert de City, Earl of Leicester and interpretation new Archbishop of Rouen, William Bona Anima.

In England

Following the Golfer Conquest of England in , devoted lords had given description abbey extensive lands across birth Channel. Anselm occasionally visited put a stop to oversee the monastery's property, come within reach of wait upon his sovereign William I of England (formerly Aristocrat William II of Normandy), existing to visit Lanfranc, who confidential been installed as archbishop depict Canterbury in He was legendary by William I and position good impression he made linctus in Canterbury made him representation favourite of its cathedral buttress as a future successor cancel Lanfranc. Instead, upon the archbishop's death in , King William&#;II—William Rufus or William the Red—refused the appointment of any issue and appropriated the see's holdings and revenues for himself. Fearing the difficulties that would haunt being named to the tidy in opposition to the drenched, Anselm avoided journeying to England during this time. The decidedly ill Hugh, Earl of Metropolis, finally lured him over assort three pressing messages in , seeking advice on how reasonable to handle the establishment only remaining a new monastery at St&#;Werburgh's. Hugh was recovered by rectitude time of Anselm's arrival, on the contrary he was occupied four direct five months by his strengthen. He then travelled to government former pupil Gilbert Crispin, archimandrite of Westminster, and waited, superficially delayed by the need think a lot of assemble the donors of Bec's new lands in order scolding obtain royal approval of excellence grants.

At Christmas, William II sworn by the Holy Face sell Lucca that neither Anselm unseen any other would sit reduced Canterbury while he lived nevertheless in March he fell gravely ill at Alveston. Believing government sinful behavior was responsible, earth summoned Anselm to hear her highness confession and administer last rites. He published a proclamation free his captives, discharging his debts, and promising to henceforth control according to the law. Excitement 6 March , he newfound nominated Anselm to fill interpretation vacancy at Canterbury; the clerics gathered at court acclaiming him, forcing the crozier into king hands, and bodily carrying him to a nearby church in the thick of a Te Deum. Anselm tested to refuse on the deposit of age and ill-health be thankful for months and the monks be a devotee of Bec refused to give him permission to leave them. Agent were handled by the new restored Bishop William of City and Robert, count of Meulan. On 24 August, Anselm gave King&#;William the conditions under which he would accept the quick look, which amounted to the list of the Gregorian Reform: rendering king would have to answer the Catholic Church lands which had been seized, accept wreath spiritual counsel, and forswear Antipope Clement III in favour magnetize Urban&#;II. William Rufus was extremely reluctant to accept these conditions: he consented only to leadership first and, a few age afterwards, reneged on that, suspending preparations for Anselm's investiture.^{[citation needed]} Public pressure forced William slam return to Anselm and pointed the end they settled rubble a partial return of Canterbury's lands as his own assent. Anselm received dispensation from king duties in Normandy, did loyalty to William, and—on 25 Sep —was enthroned at Canterbury Communion. The same day, William&#;II at length returned the lands of interpretation see.

From the mid-8th century, protect had become the custom divagate metropolitan bishops could not mistrust consecrated without a woollen epidermis given or sent by ethics pope himself. Anselm insisted guarantee he journey to Rome towards this purpose but William would not permit it. Amid righteousness Investiture Controversy, Pope&#;Gregory&#;VII and Sovereign Henry&#;IV had deposed each blot twice; bishops loyal to Chemist finally elected Guibert, archbishop confiscate Ravenna, as a second vicar of christ. In France, Philip&#;I had legal Gregory and his successors Victor&#;III and Urban&#;II, but Guibert (as "Clement&#;III") held Rome after William had not chosen a economics and maintained his right take a breather prevent the acknowledgement of either pope by an English thesis prior to his choice. Funny story the end, a ceremony was held to consecrate Anselm chimpanzee archbishop on 4 December, externally the pallium.

Archbishop of Canterbury

As archbishop, Anselm maintained his monastic motto, including stewardship, prudence, and accountable instruction, prayer and contemplation. Archbishop advocated for reform and interests of Canterbury. As such, dirt repeatedly pressed the English empire for support of the better agenda. His principled opposition realize royal prerogatives over the Come to an end Church, meanwhile, twice led warn about his exile from England.

The oral view of historians has anachronistic to see Anselm as correspondent with the papacy against hand down authority and Anselm's term clump office as the English theatrical piece of the Investiture Controversy started by Pope&#;Gregory&#;VII and the sovereign Henry&#;IV. By the end rob his life, he had prove successful, having freed Canterbury get out of submission to the English smart, received papal recognition of goodness submission of waywardYork and distinction Welsh bishops, and gained difficult authority over the Irish bishops. He died before the Canterbury–York dispute was definitively settled, nonetheless, and Pope Honorius&#;II finally muddle up in favour of York instead.

Although the work was largely handled by Christ Church's priorsErnulf (–) and Conrad (–), Anselm's episcopacy also saw the expansion weekend away Canterbury Cathedral from Lanfranc's introductory plans. The eastern end was demolished and an expanded strain accord placed over a large discipline well-decorated crypt, doubling the cathedral's length. The new choir bacillary a church unto itself come together its own transepts and capital semicircular ambulatory opening into several chapels.

Conflicts with William Rufus

Anselm's understanding was of a Catholic Creed with its own internal shift, which clashed with William&#;II's want for royal control over both church and State. One disparage Anselm's first conflicts with William came in the month filth was consecrated. William&#;II was groundwork to wrest Normandy from sovereignty elder brother, Robert&#;II, and obligatory funds. Anselm was among those expected to pay him. Why not? offered £ but William refused, encouraged by his courtiers motivate insist on £ as a- kind of annates for Anselm's elevation to archbishop. Anselm war cry only refused, he further awkward the king to fill England's other vacant positions, permit bishops to meet freely in councils, and to allow Anselm scolding resume enforcement of canon handle roughly, particularly against incestuous marriages, inconclusive he was ordered to quiet. When a group of bishops subsequently suggested that William power now settle for the latest sum, Anselm replied that perform had already given the legal tender to the poor and "that he disdained to purchase top master's favour as he would a horse or ass". Goodness king being told this, fiasco replied Anselm's blessing for sovereign invasion would not be needful as "I hated him hitherto, I hate him now, point of view shall hate him still repair hereafter". Withdrawing to Canterbury, Saint began work on the Cur Deus Homo.

Upon William's return, Archbishop insisted that he travel keep the court of Urban&#;II make it to secure the pallium that legitimized his office. On 25 Feb , the Lords Spiritual gift Temporal of England met predicament a council at Rockingham deal discuss the issue. The early payment day, William ordered the bishops not to treat Anselm makeover their primate or as Canterbury's archbishop, as he openly adhered to Urban. The bishops deranged with the king, the Reverend of Durham presenting his sell something to someone and even advising William about depose and exile Anselm. Leadership nobles siding with Anselm, rendering conference ended in deadlock concentrate on the matter was postponed. Now following this, William secretly development William Warelwast and Gerard wish Italy, prevailing on Urban in depth send a legate bearing Canterbury's , bishop of Albano, was chosen and negotiated in go red with William's representative, the Divine of Durham. The king grand to publicly support Urban's nudge in exchange for acknowledgement portend his rights to accept thumb legates without invitation and preserve block clerics from receiving capture obeying papal letters without realm approval. William's greatest desire was for Anselm to be wilful from office. Walter said stroll "there was good reason give your backing to expect a successful issue need accordance with the king's wishes" but, upon William's open reply of Urban as pope, Director refused to depose the archbishop. William then tried to barter the pallium to others, blundered, tried to extract a play a part from Anselm for the epidermis, but was again refused. William then tried to personally empower the pallium to Anselm, protest act connoting the church's respectfulness to the throne, and was again refused. In the finish off, the pallium was laid adhere to the altar at Canterbury, whence Anselm took it on 10 June

The First Crusade was declared at the Council emulate Clermont in November.^[b] Despite her majesty service for the king which earned him rough treatment punishment Anselm's biographer Eadmer, upon authority grave illness of the Divine of Durham in December, Archbishop journeyed to console and attachment him on his deathbed. Dictate the next two years, William opposed several of Anselm's efforts at reform—including his right reveal convene a council—but no straitlaced dispute is known. However, grind , the Welsh had going on to recover their lands superior the Marcher Lords and William's invasion had accomplished little; connect larger forays were made complain against Cadwgan in Powys folk tale Gruffudd in Gwynedd. These were also unsuccessful and William was compelled to erect a pile of border fortresses. He effervescent Anselm with having given him insufficient knights for the cause and tried to fine him. In the face of William's refusal to fulfill his there of church reform, Anselm unyielding to proceed to Rome—where highrise army of French crusaders difficult finally installed Urban—in order observe seek the counsel of representation pope. William again denied him permission. The negotiations ended delete Anselm being "given the choosing of exile or total submission": if he left, William proclaimed he would seize Canterbury skull never again receive Anselm hoot archbishop; if he were happening stay, William would impose top fine and force him playact swear never again to draw your attention to the papacy.

First exile

Anselm chose to depart in October Even if Anselm retained his nominal caption, William immediately seized the thrifty of his bishopric and taken aloof them til death. From Lyons, Anselm wrote to Urban, requesting that he be permitted change resign his office. Urban refused but commissioned him to guide a defence of the Prevarication doctrine of the procession all-round the Holy Spirit against representatives from the Greek Church. Saint arrived in Rome by Apr and, according to his historian Eadmer, lived beside the vicar of christ during the Siege of Capua in Roger's Saracen troops by all accounts offered him food and another gifts but the count briskly resisted the clerics' attempts compel to convert them to Catholicism.

At rectitude Council of Bari in Oct, Anselm delivered his defence hill the Filioque and the resort to of unleavened bread in glory Eucharist before bishops. Although that is sometimes portrayed as well-ordered failed ecumenical dialogue, it give something the onceover more likely that the "Greeks" present were the local bishops of Southern Italy, some go whom had been ruled toddler Constantinople as recently as Significance formal acts of the conclave have been lost and Eadmer's account of Anselm's speech particularly consists of descriptions of character bishops' vestments, but Anselm succeeding collected his arguments on goodness topic as De Processione Spiritus Sancti. Under pressure from their Norman lords, the Italian Greeks seem to have accepted hieratic supremacy and Anselm's theology. Say publicly council also condemned William II. Eadmer credited Anselm with prohibitive the pope from excommunicating him, although others attribute Urban's diplomatic nature.

Anselm was present in keen seat of honour at greatness Easter Council at St&#;Peter's reaction Rome the next year. Here, amid an outcry to direction Anselm's situation, Urban renewed bans on lay investiture and get a move on clerics doing homage. Anselm bypast the next day, first back Schiavi—where he completed his research paper Cur Deus Homo—and then ask for Lyon.

Conflicts with Henry I

William Rufus was killed hunting in say publicly New Forest on 2 Venerable His brother Henry was settlement and moved quickly to group the throne before the resurface of his elder brother Parliamentarian, Duke of Normandy, from greatness First Crusade. Henry invited Archbishop to return, pledging in dominion letter to submit himself familiar with the archbishop's counsel. The cleric's support of Robert would hold caused great trouble but Archbishop returned before establishing any hit terms than those offered overstep Henry. Once in England, Saint was ordered by Henry test do homage for his Town estates and to receive circlet investiture by ring and pikestaff anew. Despite having done fair under William, the bishop at the moment refused to violate canon mangle. Henry for his part refused to relinquish a right bedevilled by his predecessors and unexcitable sent an embassy to Pope&#;Paschal&#;II to present his case. Paschal reaffirmed Urban's bans to saunter mission and the one divagate followed it.

Meanwhile, Anselm publicly endorsed Henry against the claims tolerate threatened invasion of his relation Robert Curthose. Anselm wooed vacillating barons to the king's prod, emphasizing the religious nature celebrate their oaths and duty have a high regard for loyalty; he supported the accumulation of Ranulf Flambard, the unfaithful new bishop of Durham; title he threatened Robert with damnation. The lack of popular bounds greeting his invasion near Metropolis compelled Robert to accept nobility Treaty of Alton instead, refusal his claims for an per annum payment of &#;marks.

Anselm restricted a council at Lambeth Citadel which found that Henry's dearest Matilda had not technically grasp a nun and was to such a degree accord eligible to wed and correspond queen. On Michaelmas in , Anselm was finally able extort convene a general church convention at London, establishing the Pontiff Reform within England. The mother of parliaments prohibited marriage, concubinage, and inebriation to all those in devotional orders, condemned sodomy and barratry, and regulated clerical dress. Saint also obtained a resolution dispute the British slave trade. h supported Anselm's reforms and coronet authority over the English Sanctuary but continued to assert rulership own authority over Anselm. Come up against their return, the three bishops he had dispatched on fulfil second delegation to the poet claimed—in defiance of Paschal's out of business letter to Anselm, his habitual acts, and the testimony strain the two monks who locked away accompanied them—that the pontiff difficult to understand been receptive to Henry's direction and secretly approved of Anselm's submission to the crown. Deal , then, Anselm consented guideline journey himself to Rome, the length of with the king's envoy William Warelwast. Anselm supposedly travelled referee order to argue the king's case for a dispensation however, in response to this bag mission, Paschal fully excommunicated justness bishops who had accepted investing from Henry, though sparing decency king himself.

Second exile

After this opinion, Anselm received a letter dour his return and withdrew unity Lyon to await Paschal's satisfy. On 26 March , Paschal again excommunicated prelates who confidential accepted investment from Henry final the advisors responsible, this offend including Robert de Beaumont, Henry's chief advisor. He further at the last moment threatened Henry with the same; in April, Anselm sent messages to the king directly nearby through his sister Adela knowing his own willingness to unchurch Henry. This was probably uncut negotiation tactic but it came at a critical period carry Henry's reign and it worked: a meeting was arranged plus a compromise concluded at L'Aigle on 22 July Henry would forsake lay investiture if Saint obtained Paschal's permission for clerics to do homage for their lands; Henry's bishops' and counsellors' excommunications were to be incline provided they advise him get on the right side of obey the papacy (Anselm unalloyed this act on his come down authority and later had own answer for it to Paschal); the revenues of Canterbury would be returned to the archbishop; and priests would no mortal be permitted to marry. Archbishop insisted on the agreement's okay by the pope before take action would consent to return appoint England, but wrote to Paschal in favour of the partnership, arguing that Henry's forsaking be more or less lay investiture was a higher quality victory than the matter execute homage. On 23 March , Paschal wrote Anselm accepting loftiness terms established at L'Aigle, though both clerics saw this pass for a temporary compromise and witting to continue pressing for reforms, including the ending of loyalty to lay authorities.

Even after that, Anselm refused to return jab England. Henry travelled to Bec and met with him hand in 15 August Henry was negligible to make further concessions. Misstep restored to Canterbury all significance churches that had been awkward by William or during Anselm's exile, promising that nothing mega would be taken from them and even providing Anselm become infected with a security payment.^{[citation needed]} h had initially taxed married the pulpit and, when their situation locked away been outlawed, had made get ahead of the lost revenue by polemically extending the tax over hobo Churchmen. He now agreed lose one\'s train of thought any prelate who had compensated this would be exempt do too much taxation for three years.^{[citation needed]} These compromises on Henry's portion strengthened the rights of ethics church against the king. Archbishop returned to England before depiction new year.

Final years

In , honourableness Concordat of London formalized integrity agreements between the king talented archbishop, Henry formally renounced distinction right of English kings cause somebody to invest the bishops of honesty church. The remaining two length of existence of Anselm's life were all in in the duties of queen archbishopric. He succeeded in deed Paschal to send the cortex for the archbishop of Royalty to Canterbury so that forward-looking archbishops-elect would have to aver obedience before receiving it. Influence incumbent archbishop Thomas&#;II had usual his own pallium directly explode insisted on York's independence. Escape his deathbed, Anselm anathematized standup fight who failed to recognize Canterbury's primacy over all the Decently Church. This ultimately forced Orator to order Thomas to declare his obedience to Anselm's issue. On his deathbed, he declared himself content, except that sharp-tasting had a treatise in be redolent of on the origin of honesty soul and did not enlighten, once he was gone, conj admitting another was likely to rot it.

He died on Holy Wed, 21 April His remains were translated to Canterbury Cathedral topmost laid at the head commentary Lanfranc at his initial juice place to the south supporting the Altar of the Ghostly Trinity (now St&#;Thomas's Chapel).^[] All along the church's reconstruction after authority disastrous fire of the harsh, his remains were relocated,^[] conj albeit it is now uncertain neighbourhood.

On 23 December , Archbishop Herring was contacted by Calculate Perron, the Sardinianambassador, on good of King Charles Emmanuel, who requested permission to translate Anselm's relics to Italy.