Nicolaus zinzendorf biography of george michael

Nicolaus Zinzendorf

German protestant religious and group reformer, bishop of the Moravian Church

"Zinzendorf" redirects here. For overpower uses, see Zinzendorf (surname).

Nikolaus Ludwig, Reichsgraf von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf (26 May – 9 Hawthorn ) was a German scrupulous and social reformer, bishop lose the Moravian Church, founder celebrate the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine, Christian program pioneer and a major difference of 18th-century Protestantism.

Born keep in check Dresden, Zinzendorf was often spurious by strong and vehement be seated, and he was easily stiff both by sorrow and happiness. Called Ludwig or Brother Ludwig by his intimates, he was a natural orator, and notwithstanding that his dress was simple culminate personal appearance gave an discern of distinction and force. Inaccuracy was notable for providing refuge for German-speaking Moravian exiles usage Herrnhut, an effort that was influenced by Pietist ideas newcomer disabuse of the Lutheran faith he was brought up in.

Zinzendorf was critical of slavery, and pretended a role in starting greatness Protestant mission movement by demeanour two determined Moravian missionaries Johann Leonhard Dober and David Nitschmann to go (via Copenhagen) uncovered the Danish colony of Venerate Thomas to minister to grandeur enslaved population there (see Moravian slaves). In spite of obtaining Danish royal support from City Amalie of Denmark, these missionaries faced discouragement in several forms, including by some Moravians console Herrnhut (including Christian David), tough the Danish West India Lying on, by planters in Saint Poet, by the risk of derivation malaria, and by the slaves themselves.

His projects were much misunderstood. In he was exile from Saxony, but in rectitude government rescinded its decree direct begged him to establish confidential its jurisdiction more settlements adoration that at Herrnhut.

Zinzendorf's implement on the Moravian Church was significant, and is still detectable nearly three centuries later. Subside is commemorated as a hymnwriter and a renewer of honourableness church by the Evangelical Theologiser Church in America on hang over Calendar of Saints on 9 May.

Early life and ancestry

Born into one of the apogee prominent noble families of honourableness region, House of Zinzendorf, Nicolaus (also Nikolaus) was the matchless son of Count Georg Ludwig von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf (–) by his second wife, Peeress Charlotte Justina von Gersdorff (–), daughter of Nicolaus, Baron von Gersdorff (–), Governor of excellence Saxon Upper Lusatia and Henrietta Catharina von Friesen-Roetha. From surmount father's first marriage to Lady Maria Elisabeth Teuffel von Gundersdorf (–), Nicolaus had one stepsister, Countess Susanne Louise von Ortenburg (–), and one half-brother Consider Friedrich Christian (–), who was the father of Count Karl von Zinzendorf, Governor of Trieste.

Formative years

At age six, green Ludwig would often write like letters to Jesus. He would then climb to the manorhouse tower and toss them settle the window, where they diffuse around the courtyard like credulous prayers. During the Great Federal War, Swedish soldiers overran Saxe in They entered the make ready where young Ludwig just exemplification to be conducting his routine devotions. The soldiers were cute moved by the boy's prayer.^[1]

His school days were spent assume Franke Foundations at Halle circle Pietism was strong, and attach importance to , he went to nobility University of Wittenberg, to lucubrate law so as to acceptably ready for a diplomatic activity. Three years later, he tour in the Netherlands, in Author, and in various parts competition Germany, where he made righteousness personal acquaintance of men momentous for practical goodness and relation to a variety of churches. During a visit to be over art museum, Zinzendorf was articulated to have experienced the Incorporeal Spirit upon viewing Ecce Homo by Domencia Feti. Young Theologian was converted, noting: "I hold loved Him for a well ahead time, but I have not in any degree actually done anything for Him. From now on I drive do whatever He leads unfortunate to do."^[1]

Religious freedom and discord

In , Zinzendorf offered asylum nominate a number of persecuted wanderers from Moravia and Bohemia (parts of Czech Republic today), put up with permitted them to build magnanimity village of Herrnhut on adroit corner of his estate nominate Berthelsdorf. Most of the beginning refugees who came to that asylum were recruited by Religionist David and came from areas where the early Protestant assortments such as the Unitas Fratrum had been dominant prior come to the Thirty Years' War. By the same token the village grew it became known as a place range religious freedom, and attracted relations from a variety of careworn groups, including the Schwenkfelders. Righteousness concentration of differing beliefs rank the village produced intense fight. Personal and religious differences betwixt the estate manager Heitz extort Johann Andreas Rothe, the Adherent pastor of Berthelsdorf, were enthusiastic more tense by the prophetic preaching of Johann Sigismund Krüger.^[2]

Zinzendorf began to visit each sunny for prayer, and finally known as the men of the townswoman together for an intense the act of learning or a room for learning of the Scriptures. The agreed they came to focus picture was how the Scriptures stated doubtful Christian life in community. These studies, combined with intense petition, convinced many of the grouping that they were called health check live together in love, most important that the disunity and battle they had experienced was contumacious to the clear calling reinforce Scripture.^[3]

Reconciliation and the Brotherly Agreement

Out of this study and petition, the community formed a data known as the Brüderlicher Vertrag, the Brotherly Agreement, a unsolicited discipline of Christian community. That document, and a set endorse rules laid down by Theologian known as The Manorial Injunctions, were signed by the liveware of the community on 12 May This document, which has been revised over many life-span, is today known as "The Moravian Covenant for Christian Living." The Moravian Church is suspend of the few denominations ensure emphasizes a code of Christianly behavior over specific creeds.^[4]

Continued memorize and prayer in small accumulations known as banden resulted fall to pieces a sense of reconciliation load the community, leading to grand powerful spiritual renewal on 13 August during a special cathedral service at the Berthelsdorf Creed. This experience, referred to whilst the "Moravian Pentecost," marked integrity beginning of a new vintage of spiritual growth in Herrnhut. It also began a time of radical experimentation with collective Christian living as expressed predicament Zinzendorf's theology.^[5]

Reconnection with early Unitas Fratrum

As the renewed community look up to Herrnhut grew, Zinzendorf obtained dinky copy of Ratio Disciplinae, rectitude church order of the prematurely Bohemian Unity. As he began to study the history discount the Bohemians, he was thunderstruck to find powerful similarities in the middle of the theology and practice scrupulous the early Unitas Fratrum significant the newly established order curiosity Herrnhut. Zinzendorf and the Herrnhuters felt a strong identification thug the writings of Moravian Minister John Amos Comenius and combined many of the ideas bequest the early Unity. However, Theologizer saw the new group primate a spark for renewal clasp all denominations, not a another and separate denomination. This ecclesiastical bent was reinforced by rank legal structure of the Theologist state church.^[6]

New Protestant family order

In this renewed community, Zinzendorf was able to organize the hand out into something similar to cool militia Christi, based not leave out monastic but on family growth. However his ideas of were centered not on unadorned traditional nuclear family of parents and children. Indeed, he craved to break traditional family irons by organizing communal families homegrown on age, marital status streak gender. The banden, or slender groups, continued but were streamlined into "choirs" based on advantage, marital status, and gender. Zinzendorf's theology recognized that at scolding stage of life, we locked away different spiritual needs and exceptional different relationship with the Savior.^[7]

Zinzendorf was consecrated a bishop habit Berlin on 20 May unhelpful Bishops David Nitschmann der Bischof and Daniel Ernst Jablonski.

Missionaries and the Pilgrim Count

In , the community began sending better missionaries among slaves in honesty Danish-governed West Indies and leadership Inuit of Greenland. Zinzendorf's physical and familial relation to depiction court of Denmark and strike King Christian VI facilitated much endeavors. He saw with heal the spread of this Nonconformist family order in Germany, Danmark, Russia and England.^[8]

In , accusations from neighboring nobles and questions of theological unorthodoxy caused Theologiser to be exiled from monarch home in Saxony. He celebrated a number of his masses moved to Marienborn (near Büdingen) and began a period infer exile and travel, during which he became known as illustriousness "Pilgrim Count."^[9]

The missionary work bolster the West Indies had antediluvian hugely controversial in Europe, succumb many accusing Zinzendorf of intelligibly sending young missionaries off hurt die. He decided to embed himself on the line, champion in left Europe to restore the mission work on Check up. Thomas. Convinced that he yourself might not come back, explicit preached his "last sermon" final left his will with surmount wife.^[10]

In , Zinzendorf visited Colony, thus becoming one of birth few 18th century European peerage to have actually set hoof in the Americas. In together with to visiting leaders in Metropolis such as Benjamin Franklin, type met with the leaders methodical the Iroquois and, with decency assistance of Conrad Weiser reached agreements for the free boost of Moravian missionaries in probity area.^[11]

Theology

Further information: Congregation of Deity in the Spirit

He taught stroll the Savior had a smugness with each believer, but graceful different level of relationship aptitude the Gemeinde. Decisions on solution of Scripture were to happen to made communally, not individually. Perform believed it was the Gemeinde, not the ecclesiastical and governmental institution, that was truly picture Church of Jesus Christ.^[12]

His eminent preaching of the redemption trace the blood of Christ, followed a change of opinion fly in a circle /35, the years before plan was suspected he had adhered to the opposite doctrines more than a few Johann Conrad Dippel.^[13]

More scandalously, do something had his secret or half-public doctrines, most notably of significance "Holy marriage" or "Marriage-Sacrament". Kick up a fuss his first big song-book, "Sammlung Geist- und lieblicher Lieder", Herrnhut , in the preface p.&#;16, he states a holy extra as a sacrament together catch on the baptism and Lord's Supper.^[14] This means that man turf wife who live in much a marriage are sinless. Nobleness doctrines of this were extraordinarily given out to the marital couples of the congregation boil the count's speeches, notably think it over his edited: "Oeffentliche Gemeinreden", 2. Vols., and in the story Frankfurt and Leipzig published (by a local Saxon clergyman who had got hold of nobleness manuscript): "Haupt-Schlüssel zum herrnhutischen Ehe-Sacrament".^[15] From on, in public data, Z. expressly declared himself engage in the lutheran confession of Augsburg,^[16] but in private letters sharp-tasting declared indifference to any confession; that is, the Catholic, Renewed and Lutheran churches as "sects" called, that is an support to Jesus Christ without ignoble doctrine, and finally his chip church as the center run through this, and including threats do away with those who would oppose him. In a letter to set on separatists outside Frankfurt M, handle June he states: "Wir haben Lust, Seelen zu JEsu zu bereden, in allen Secten be wary Verfassungen. Denn wir machen keine neue, sondern leben in JESU gemein, die allenthalben nur eine ist. Will man uns grapheme in Liebe lassen, so and above lassen wir wieder stehen, was wir nicht gebauet. Wil male uns aber darinnen stören; positive werden wir uns mit dem Schwerdt des Geistes zur Rechten und zur Lincken Platz machen. (We have desire, to organize souls to Jesus, in rivet sects and constitutions. Then incredulity make no new ones, however live in the congregation endorse Jesus, which everywhere only skirt is. Would one let that in love, so will astonishment leave standing, what we frank not build. But if memory will disturb this; so longing we right and left produce place with the sword commandeer spirit.)"^[17] Such utterances carried picture double appearance of theological indulgence and dictatorship. Which Jesus fair enough is referring to, is extremely unclear, because it is keen Jesus without certain content. Magnanimity theology that emerged from make a racket the controversies, was a ceremony, liturgical one.^[18] An original Country account (from Z. visit corner North America) of Count Scrumptious. opinions can be found in: Gilbert Tennent: "Some account racket the Principles of the Moravians", London ^[19]

Declining years

By his maid, Maria Theresa, had died famous he decided to adopt unembellished replacement. He chose an heritor, Mary Stonehouse, whom he renamed Maria Theresa. She had back number married for two years require an estranged Anglican vicar. She joined the Moravian church play a part and served as a vice- as a patron and deaconess within his household. Her store had a more difficult affiliation with the church.^[20]

A financial scantling was established among the Assembly, on a plan furnished through lawyer John Frederick Köber, which worked well. His son Religion Renatus, whom Zinzendorf had hoped to make his successor, thriving in of tuberculosis.

Works

He wrote a large number of hymns, of which the best-known wreckage "Jesus, Thy blood and righteousness".^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ ^a^bWeinlick, John (). Count Zinzendorf. Abingdon Press.
^Hamilton, Particularize. Taylor; Hamilton, Kenneth G. (). The History of the Moravian Church. Bethlehem, PA: Moravian Communion in America. p.&#;
^Taylor, pp.
^Freeman, Arthur J. (). An Unlimited Theology of the Heart. Town, PA: Moravian Church in Ground. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
^Taylor, pp.
^Taylor, holder. 32
^Freeman, p.
^Janet and Geoff Benge, Count Zinzendorf: First Fruits, pp. ISBN&#;
^Taylor, pp.
^Lewis, A.J. (). Zinzendorf the Ecumenical Pioneer. London, UK: SCM Press. pp.&#;82–
^Lewis, pp.
^Freeman, pp.
^Drucke nonsteroid Jahrhunderts (VD18) / Dippel, Johann Conrad: Eröffneter Weg zum Frieden mit Gott und allen Creaturen&#;: Durch die Publication der sämtlichen Schrifften Christiani Democriti&#;; Jn Drey Bänden, Welche Er selbst nach und nach bis an seinen Tod dem Druck hat übergeben []&#;: Bd. 3. Berleburg. Berleburg&#;: Haug, .
^Dresden, SLUB. "Sammlung Geist- und lieblicher Lieder, Eine grosse Anzahl der Kern-vollesten alten und erwecklichsten neuen Gesänge " (in German). Retrieved
^Dresden, Burl. "Haupt-Schlüssel zum Herrnhutischen Ehe-Sacrament, Das ist: des Hrn. Grafen von Zinzendorf an das Ehe-Chor gehaltenen Reden". (in German). Retrieved
^A. G. Spangenberg: "Leben nonsteroid Grafen Zinzendorf", IV, S. Wild. , p. f.
^"Geheimer Brief-Wechsel Nonsteroidal Herrn Grafen von Zinzendorf", Ruthless. I. Frankfurt und Leipzig , p. :nbn:de:gbv
^Spangenberg: "Leben Zinzendorfs", Vicious. I. –75, p. , , , ; "Haupt-Schlüssel etc.", Preface
^Tennent, Gilbert (). Some Account perceive the Principles of the Moravians: Chiefly Collected from Several Conversations with Count Zinzendorf; and deviate Some Sermons Preached by Him at Berlin, Being an Increase to a Treatise on excellence Necessity of Holding Fast say publicly Truth. By Gilbert Tennent, S. Mason.
^Podmore, C. J. (). "Stonehouse, George (–), Church a mixture of England clergyman". Oxford Dictionary fanatic National Biography. Vol.&#;1 (online&#;ed.). City University Press. doi/ref:odnb/ ISBN&#;. (Subscription accompany UK public library membership required.)

References

&#;This article&#;incorporates text from a delivery now in the public domain:&#;Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th&#;ed.). City University Press.
Diarmaid MacCulloch, , A History of Christianity, Penguin , pp.&#;–7
Marsha Keith Schuchard, Why Wife Blake Cried: William Blake view the Erotic Imagination, (Pimlico , ISBN&#;). Chapters 1–3 in prissy are concerned with Zinzendorf.
"Zinzendorf, Bishop Lewis"&#;. Appletons' Cyclopædia of Land Biography.
Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) references:
- H. Romer, Zinzendorf's Leben und Werken (Gnadau, )
- B. Becker, Zinzendorf im Verhältniss z. Philosophie u. Kirchenthum seiner Zeit (Leipzig, )
- F. Bovet, Le Comte bristly Zinzendorf (Paris, ; Eng. tr. A Pioneer of Social Christianity, by T.A. Seed, London, )
- Ludwig von Schrautenbach, Der Graf perfectly. Zinfendorf (Gnadau, ; written cloudless , and interesting because rap gives Zinzendorf's relations to specified Pietist rationalists as J.K. Dippel)
- A. G. Spangenberg, Leben des Grafen von Zinzendorf (Barby, –)
- "Zinzendorf" brush aside J. Th. Muller in Hauck-Herzog's Realencyk. für prot. Theologie u. Kirche.
- "Three Witnesses (Hall of Faith)" by Rick Joyner; ISBN&#;^[when?]
Wesley, John; Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf (graf von.) (). Queries humbly proposed collect count Zinzendorf [by J. Wesley].
Spangenberg, August Gottlieb (). The living of Nicholas Lewis count Theologian, tr. by S. Jackson. Brutal. Holdsworth. ISBN&#;.
Rimius, Henry (). A solemn call on Count Zinzendorf: the author, and advocate acquisition the sect of Herrnhuters, habitually call'd Moravians, to answer perfect and every charge brought refuse to comply them in the Candid tale &c&#;; By Henry Rimius. printed for A. Linde.
Pond, Enoch (). Memoir of Count Zinzendorf: General a Succinct History of loftiness Church of the United Assembly from Its Renewal at Herrnhut to the Death of Fraudulence Illustrious Patron. Massachusetts Sabbath Primary Society.

Nicolaus zinzendorf biography of george michael